Ethics Acounting and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics Acounting and Finance - Essay Example As the report declares in concrete terms accounting measures profit and resources, telling how much is the assets, liabilities and capital of a business organization, which are a combination of the interest of the owners and creditors. An income statement tells the results of operation of a business for a given period say a month, or a year, while a balance sheet show the financial condition of a business organization as of a given time say year 1995 or 2000. This paper stresses that from their definitions, we can easily discern that there is a difference between the two. A finance manager who heads a department where accounting is a division would exert an influence to have accounting division help finance department in the attainment of the objective of the latter that is the maximization of stockholders wealth. What do you think is the result? Finance will have a biased report because, the Finance manager will just say to the accounting head, â€Å"you must practice creative accounting for us to look good to our stockholders.† The head of the accounting office will respond in submission to the head of the finance department, his boss. In an organization ideals, are ideals but human nature would rear its ugly head if one function could abuse another functional area. Accounting is better combined with a management information system because they both serve the same purpose that is to provide accurate and reliable information for d ecision-making and in addition, there must be ethics as to practice of the two functional areas.

Play Macbeth by WIlliam Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Play Macbeth by WIlliam Shakespeare Essay The play Macbeth was written by WIlliam Shakespeare in the 1600s. The whole play revolves around the theme of power. The theme of power is shown through ambition, betrayal and revenge using the symbolisms of sleep and blood. William Shakespeare used the issue of ambition to portray power in Macbeth. Macbeth was driven by his ambition of gaining power. Macbeths hunger for power made him blond to the atrocities and iniquitous deeds he was performing. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth is stating that ambition was his only motivation to kill Duncan. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent,but only Vaulting ambition which oerleaps itself And falls on thother. Shakespeare used a horse metaphor to show the conflict of emotions in Macbeths mind.Macbeth thinks of his purpose to kill Duncan as a cavalry horse:but he has no motive to urge it into action so it stands still. Macbeths ambition is pictured as a rider springing into his saddle who overleaps himself and falls on the other side of his steed.Macbeth means that his ambition to be king would inevitably lead him too far. The quote is effective in defining Macbeths drive to ambition. Ambition is used by Macbeth to take the power from Duncan. William Shakespeare used the issue of betrayal to portray power in Macbeth. The issue of betrayal is shown throughout the play from the start when the Thane of Cawdor betrayed Duncan. Macbeth betrayed Duncan,his guest,king and relative by killing him to take the crown of Scotland. Macbeth betrayed his friend and colleague Banquo who stayed by his side when they were fighting against the Norwegians. Macbeth also betrayed Lady Macbeth his wife by dismissing her from formal duties. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth is telling lady macbeth to hide their knowings of duncans murder under an innocent face. Away,and mock the time with the fairest show, False face must hide what the false heart doth know. Shakespeare used an iambic Pentameter to lend dignity and presence to Macbeth after his devious plans to kill Duncan. The quote is effective in showing that Macbeth would betray his king and guest and act innocent with the devious plan in his mind and stoop low just to gain what he wanted. Betrayal i s the weapon that Macbeth used to gain power. The issue of revenge was used by William Shakespeare to show power in Macbeth. Revenge was shown from the start of the play when the witches got revenge on the sailors wife who didnt give the witches any chestnuts. Banquo got his revenge on Macbeth when he came back as a ghost and frightened Macbeth as well as embarrassing him in front of other thanes. Macduff got his revenge by killing Macbeth who slaughtered his family. In act 4 scene 3 malcolm comforts macduff who heard that his family was slaughtered by Macbeth by telling him to make revenge his medicine to cure his grief. lets make us medcines of our great revenge To cure this deadly grief Malcolm is telling Macduff to make the revenge on Macbeth, a medicine that would cure his grief. Malcolm is implying that revenge is sweet. The quote is effective in showing that macduffs revenge on Macbeth was to cure his own grief caused by Macbeth. Revenge was the issue which made one person to rise up or fall down. Blood was a symbolism which helped to symbolize the issues that shows power in Macbeth. The word blood occurs frequently throughout the play. In act 1 scene 2, the wounded captain told a report which described the bloody war. Blood was also related to guilt after after macbeth had murdered Duncan. Once Macbeth and lady Macbeth embark upon their murderous journey, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and they begin to feel like their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both Macbeth and lady Macbeth, one that hounds them to their graves. The enormity of Macbeths crime has awakened in him a powerful sense of guilt that will hound him throughout the play.

Civil Rights and African American Baseball Players

Civil Rights and African American Baseball Players How African Americans in Baseball Affected the Civil Rights Movement. 8th hour Segregation was the main core of what prevented African Americans from pursuing their dreams of being baseball players, up until a few very recognizable players influenced others to step in and help win freedom for playing baseball. All American baseball teams were consisting of mainly whites but some teams allowed African Americans into their teams up until 1890 when the National Association of Baseball rejected blacks from playing. This caused an uproar in the black community and lead to the creations of all black teams that would travel and play other all black teams and sometimes an all white team, like in 1888 when the Cuban Giants defeated the all white New Yorks 4 games of of a five game series. After many years of overwhelming segregation in the south many blacks moved up into the North where they sought the opportunity of creating their own league. In 1920, Rube Foster the owner of the Chicago American Giants brought other midwest teams together and created the first all bla ck league called the Negro Leagues.( Feature African-American Baseball. PBS. PBS, 2003. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.) The Negro Leagues had a very significant impact in the the entrance of blacks into the majors. After the first all black team was organized and the league was set up this opened up an opportunity for players to really show what they got. Before teams knew it they were winning championships. The first all African American league was starting to piece together. And with all this going on, one player had a goal set and that was to be the first black player in a white league. And that player is Jackie Robinson. In 1945 Jackie was the first black player to sign a formal contract with a white team. He took a big step into what led to the allowance of any black player to be in the majors. With the civil rights movement going on he endured hardships that no person could imagine, according to Duke Snider, He (Jackie Robinson) knew that the future of blacks in baseball depended on it. The pressure was enormous, overwhelming, and unbearable at times. I dont know how he held up. I know I never c ould have. By the end of his rookie career as a Dodger he was named rookie of the year, and as time went on all of his success of breaking the color barrier and becoming the first African American to get into the majors and accomplish many records. Even though Jackie is not around to see how the hardships he faced have made life on people today more easy, he is still remembered as the player who paved a path for our nation. The impact of not only Robinson but also Doby and Campy gave inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr. About a week before King died he stated, Youll never know how easy you and Jackie and Doby and Campy made it for me to do my job by what you did on the baseball field. Baseball was integrated before the army, before schools, and before many other things. It all happened without Jackie but someone had to be the first to step up and take a chance, and that was just what he did. (Bio.com. AE Networks Television, n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.†) A few years before World War II, Max Manning had been pitching for the Newark Eagles as a phenomenal side armer. He never thought there would be a chance for him to go and become a pitcher on a white team. His thoughts change for a while when he was approached by an unfamiliar face, the coach of the Detroit Tigers. They were offering a tryout spot for pitching, but that changed when the rest of the team found out he was black. His Negro leagues career was interrupted as he was called into service during World War II. He then returned to pitch the final Negro Leagues World series where his team won. With all this going on Max never gave up and never really cared about what people cared about his color, he only cared about playing ball. After his baseball life was over he went back to school and decided to become a sixth grade teacher up until his death in in June of 2003. Feature African-American Baseball. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.) Before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier, ball players in Oklahoma had been playing in sandlot leagues and excelling in the sport. Willie Wells played in the sandlot â€Å"blackball† leagues all the way through his teen years in highschool as a shortstop. When he finally came up to the Negro leagues he became the best shortstop in the league. In 1997 he joined the Baseball hall of Fame. Along with Willie there were many other black players that had showed they were worthy of being in Baseballs Hall of Fame. In all there are about 18 players from the Negro Leagues in the Hall of Fame, and most had not been recognized till the 80s, all the way up to about 2002. The reason it took so long is because nobody really cared about blacks in baseball because they â€Å"never compared† to whites. After many years of segregation many white people started to gain respect for him, As Mickey Mantle said after one of the games BASEBALL, AFRICAN AMERICAN. BASEBALL, AFRICAN AMERICAN. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014 : After the game, Jackie Robinson came into our clubhouse and shook my hand. He said, Youre a helluva ballplayer and youve got a great future. I thought that was a classy gesture, one I wasnt then capable of making. I was a bad loser. What meant even more was what Jackie told the press, Mantle beat us. He was the difference between the two teams. They didnt miss DiMaggio . I have to admit, I became a Jackie Robinson fan on the spot. And when I think of that world Series, his gesture is what comes to mind. Here was a player who had without doubt suffered more abuse and more taunts and more hatred than any player in the history of the game. And he had made a special effort to compliment and encourage a young white kid from Oklahoma.(Jackie Robinson Quotes. Jackie Robinson Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 May 2014.) As time progressed more and more people started to show respect for Jackie and others that helped integrate baseball and this gave a boost too other players, according to a statement by Hank Aaron In baseball, there is something electrifying about the big leagues. I had read so much about (Stan) Musial,(Ted) Williams and (Jackie) Robinson. I had put those guys on a pedestal. They were something special. I really thought they put their pants on different, rather than one leg at a time.(Hank Aaron Quotes. Hank Aaron Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2014.) Near the end of World War II the attendance at Negro leagues took a major decline as the best players were called up into interleague which is the step right below major. With that happening the Negro leagues took a dip and fell apart. This lead to integration of blacks into baseball. What caused this greater decline was the focus of the fans only on the major players like Robinson and Doby. To gain more support teams called female players to stand at the gates just to attract more fans but in the end the players just kept on going to white teams. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.) When people think about integration of baseball, they think Jackie Robinson, but thats not all of it. It took a whole community, a whole league just to earn a chance on an all white team. This was a team effort, the biggest step in baseball history started with one big contract to Jackie and the rest took off. Baseball was never the same, and today it isnt a struggle. Without this happening, today baseball probably wouldnt be what it is.

Essay --

Less than 1% of the water supply on earth can be used as drinking water. By the time a person feels thirsty, his or her body has lost over 1 percent of its total water amount. About 25,700 litres (6,800 gallons) of water is required to grow a day's food for a family of four. A child dies every 8 seconds from water-related disease. Groundwater can take a human lifetime just to traverse a mile. A person can live about a month without food, but only about a week without water. If a human does not absorb enough water dehydration is the result. Most of the earth's surface water is permanently frozen or salty. If all the world's water were fit into a gallon jug, the fresh water available for us to use would equal only about one tablespoon When water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is not suited for all purposes water is normally used for. An acre of corn will give off 15,000 litres (4,000 gallons) of water per day in evaporation. A small drip from a faucet can waste as much as 75 litres of water a day. Of all the water on earth, o...

Animal Euthanasia

To Kill or Not To Kill In the past few decades, there has been a big uproar regarding the topic of euthanasia in dogs. Euthanasia used to be a term used to end the suffering of a life by putting them in a painless and permanent state of sleep. I believe that today, the term ‘euthanasia’ when referred to dogs has transformed to a word used to justify the mass murder of dogs across the world. Most people will agree that the only time a dog should be put down is when it is sick or suffering from pain. I believe that if a dog is euthanized for any other reason, the person in control is guilty of committing an abominable act.They do not call dogs â€Å"mans’ best friend† for nothing. With proper training, every single dog has the potential of making a good house pet and becoming an important part of an owner’s life. Most dogs that are being euthanized each year are not even suffering from any illnesses and are not aggressive either. They are just unlucky. The reasoning that is given by these shelters committing these vile acts is that there is an overpopulation of dogs in their shelters and not enough homes for all of them so they have no choice.The problem with this picture is the fact that many of these shelters breed dogs for the sole purpose of having them sold. Many of these dogs are being sold for sums well over a thousand dollars. The dogs that they are not able to sell are sent to shelters. These shelters fill up quickly because of these breeders who can’t sell their dogs and can only take what they have room for and can manage which leads to these breeders euthanizing their extra dogs, many times in the convenience of their own backyards.They figure that it costs them a lot less to murder their unsold dogs then the expenses they pay to take care of them while they wait for them to be sold. In the United States, an estimated 4 to 6 million dogs are euthanized in shelters each year. Pete Wedderburn, editor of Small Ani mal, says â€Å"It’s very disappointing that after all the noise that is made about how appalling it is, nothing changes. † Unfortunately, not everyone will agree with the fact that euthanasia amongst dogs should only take place when the dog is suffering from pain or terminally ill.Joy Leney and Jenny Remfy mention in their book Dogs, zoonoses, and public health why dog population management is necessary and very important. In their book they say â€Å"Some people love dogs. Some people hate them. Some dogs are man’s best friends. Others, or sometimes the same ones, are sources of injury, accident, disease and pollution. † (299) Dogs can breed and multiply their numbers very quickly but the breeding is not their fault. It is the fault of the breeder for breeding them in order to sell them.Once they are not sold, they either become stray dogs and usually end up being killed in the future or are sent to be killed right away. I believe that this is very inhu mane. Leney and Remfy continue to speak about the methods used to kill these dogs are beginning to be too costly because of transportation and drugs needed so kill shelters and breeders have come out with cheaper ways to get rid of their extra dogs. These new methods include ovens and gas chambers where they throw in large amounts of dogs at a time to be killed in order to save time and money.It makes me shiver how anyone who is responsible for these mass murders can live with their despicable acts. A simple solution to lower these rates of dogs being euthanized and to take control of the overpopulation of dogs is to alter the majority of dogs. Most shelters and animal organizations neuter dogs for no charge as well as give vaccines needed to prevent diseases from being transmitted. By altering dogs, the rate of dogs reproduced each day will drastically decrease. Each day 10,000 humans are born in the U. S. – and each day 70,000 puppies and kittens are born.As long as these b irth rates exist, there will never be enough homes for all the animals. Early age altering of dogs (6-14 weeks) has been practiced for over 25 years in North America. The perceived high cost of altering is not the problem since many shelters will happily do it for free. The problem is the lack of education dog owners have about altering their dogs. If the benefits were understood, more people would be altering their dogs. Euthanasia should be thought upon and observed very carefully before being put to use.It used to be a treatment but is now mostly used as a weapon to kill. . In the Irish Veterinary Journal, Pete Wedderburn believes â€Å"†¦the government ought to proceed with compulsory micro chipping, a license for life and a discounted license fee for neutered pets† (Wedderburn 530). This is one way to really help lower the number of dogs being euthanized. Furthermore, it will be thought upon twice before euthanizing a dog since the dog is now neutered and will not b e able to produce more dogs. Not allowing a dog to reproduce may be a bit cruel but a big step towards lowering the kill rate.Having the dog micro chipped and placed inside a database will also help influence the decision of a shelter or breeder of whether or not to put down a dog. There are numerous pet owners surrendering their dog due to personal reasons and inadequacy in taking responsibility for their dogs. This also adds to the overpopulation of dogs. According to a survey conducted by the American Humane Association, out of the 1000 shelters who responded to the survey, 2. 7 million of 4. 3 million animals (64 percent) are being euthanized. Out of this euthanized number, 56 percent are dogs.Majority of the animals in shelters were being euthanized since there is a standard period of time, ranging from several days to weeks, for unclaimed stray animals. However, there are â€Å"no kill† shelters run by private and animal welfare organizations. This alone is part of the solution to end the overpopulation of dogs. These â€Å"no kill† shelters make it an official policy never to euthanize animals unless it’s for medical reasons. If overcrowding is really an issue, then it may be necessary to send dogs to other shelters instead of murdering them.I am sure there are many animal cruelty prevention organizations that will be willing to take these dogs in and finding them a foster home until they are adopted into a permanent household. This will lower the rate of dogs being killed, give the dog a better life, and be a much more humane thing to do. In the book Redemption: The Myth of Pet Overpopulation and the No Kill Revolution in America, the author Nathan J. Winograd writes â€Å"The decision to end an animal’s life is an extremely serious one, and should always be treated as such.No matter how many animals a shelter kills, each and every animal is an individual, and each deserves individual consideration. And finally, to meet the challenge that No Kill entails, shelter leadership needs to get the community excited, to energize people for the task at hand. By working with people, implementing lifesaving programs, and treating each life as precious, a shelter can transform a community. † (Winograd 22-31, 229) The programs Winograd is referring to include free spay/neuter, rescue groups, foster cares, pet retention, medical and behavioral programs, ommunity involvement, volunteers and a compassionate director to control the friendly shelter. Winograd calls this the No Kill Equation. I don’t quite agree with Winograd that this equation is the key solution to lower the rate of dogs euthanized each year. I think that there are much easier and more efficient ways to lower the rates. It will take too long for all community shelters across the country to set up these programs in their communities. The right way to do this is to hire lobbyists to fight for the no kill shelters and animal welfare organiza tions and push the passing of a law against euthanasia on healthy dogs.All dog owners should be taught the benefits of neutering their dogs. The usage of microchips should be implemented by all shelters in order to manage the population of dogs. For every single animal euthanized in a shelter, there is a person outside of that shelter responsible for it. The responsibility to keep shelters from euthanizing animals lies with each of us as pet owners. If we adopt through rescue, choose a good match, spay and neuter, and keep our animals for their lifetimes, the shelters will be near empty, not overfull, and euthanasia can become a tragedy of the past.

The Trial of Steven Truscott

The Trial of Steven Truscott Free Online Research Papers The time and place: 1959; Clinton, Ontario, Canada. The crime: the rape and murder of a 12 year old girl. The Suspect: a 14 year old boy, one of the victim’s classmates. The story of Steven Truscott and the crime he was convicted of committing was shocking when it happened nearly 50 years ago, but even as recent of February 2007, this case has been making headlines in Canadian news. This case could have been a contributing factor to the shaping of the Canadian criminal code, specifically the juvenile system and the death penalty. The details of the case must be explored to better understand the impact it made in Canada, and how it has continued to affect the life of Steven Truscott. On the evening of June 9, 1959, 14-year-old Steven Truscott gave one of his classmates, Lynn Harper, 12, a ride near the Air Base in Clinton, Ontario. According to Truscott, after he dropped her off, he rode away, but â€Å"saw as car stop where Harper was standing. She got in the car and the car drove off (McClish).† Two days later, Harper’s body was found in some bushes by the base. She had been raped, and then strangled. Thought to be the last person to see her alive, Truscott immediately became the prime suspect in her murder investigation. By the 12th of June, the day after her body was found; Truscott was arrested and taken into custody. On the 13th, he was charged with her murder (CBC News). No other suspects were ever seriously considered. As far as suspects go, there were a few others that were overlooked. There were several thousand service men living on the airbase, many were young and single. There was one 18 year old man that was questioned by the police. He â€Å"claimed to have seen the girl the night she disappeared around 6:30 pm in the town of Clinton (CBC News).† This statement was inconsistent with the fact that Harper never left the base, but he was also able to recall the fact that she was wearing blue shorts.† He was cleared from suspicion by his girlfriend who said that he was with her for most of the evening. According to police notes, there is no indication that any further investigation was done. Another possible suspect was Sgt. Alexander Kalichuk. He was a convicted sexual predator. He was a â€Å"heavy drinker with a history of sexual offenses (CBC News).† He worked as a supply technician at the Clinton base, where Lynn Harper’s father was the senior supply officer. He transferred to a base in Aylmer, about a one hour drive away, but still made frequent trips back to Clinton. Three weeks before Harper’s body was found, Kalichuk attempted to lure a 10-year old girl to his car, but stopped when her father approached. He was arrested by the OPP and charged. A judge dismissed the charge due to lack of evidence, but the judge did give Kalichuk a warning that he, and the police, knew what he was â€Å"up to.† On the day of Harper’s murder, he was reportedly involved in an incident of indecent exposure just a few miles away from the Clinton base. It is also believed that the car Truscott claimed to have seen Harper get in to may have be longed to Kalichuk. Sgt. Kalichuk â€Å"drank himself to death in 1975 (CBC News).† The police refuse to say whether or not an investigation was ever conducted to link him to Harper’s murder. There were 2 other witnesses that claim to have seen evidence indicating that a car may have been present at the site where Harper’s body was found. George Edens was the man that found Harper’s body. He claimed that â€Å"going up you could see skid marks. Just up to the pavement, it was only maybe three or four feet long (CBC News).† Another man, Bob Lawson, had property near that site. He was suspicious because he had never seen a car parked there in the past. He reported it to the authorities after Harper’s body had been found, but the police already had Truscott in custody. In his statement to The Fifth Estate, Lawson said â€Å"They didn’t take it very serious. He said I think they’ve, I think they’ve already picked somebody up. They didn’t want to hear anything else.† From this statement, it seems to me like the police didn’t care to even consider anyone other than Truscott as the person who committed this crime. Other than Truscott’s statement that he gave Harper a ride that night, there was another piece of evidence that placed Truscott at the scene. There were bicycle tracks similar to that of Steven’s bicycle. According to Bob Lawson, they were experiencing dry weather at the time, so there really was no way the tracks could have been made that month. This did not stop police from drawing the conclusion that Truscott had to be the one that raped and murdered young Harper. During the investigation, many young children had been questing regarding Truscott’s alibi. Police wanted to know how many of them had seen Truscott and Harper together. Among these interviews were: Phillip Burns, a 10 year old boy that was concluded to be at the scene too early, and couldn’t have seen them there; Jocelyn Gaudet, who was supposed to meet Truscott (in the same bush where Harper was found) for a secret date; and Gord Logan, Truscott’s friend who was said to have made up his testimony to protect Truscott’s alibi. These testimonies may have been crucial evidence in convicting Truscott. After all the evidence was gathered, Truscott was taken to trial. Other than the old bicycle track, there was one critical piece of evidence that possibly pointed to Truscott as the killer. From what I would assume, there were probably not as many scientific tools available in 1959 as there is today, but the medical examiner was said to have been able to pinpoint the murder with remarkable precision. Relying mainly on the analysis of Lynn’s stomach contents he placed the time of death precisely in the half-hour window between 7:15 pm and 7:45 pm an astonishing precision even with the forensic tools available today (CBC News). This was a crucial piece of evidence due to the fact that Truscott admitted in a statement that he and Harper were riding on his bicycle at that same time. â€Å"I got on the seat and she mounted the crossbar and we took off. The time? Probably between 7:30 and 7:45. I took her to the highway, turned around and rode slowly back toward the school (McClish).† According to the jury, this must have been enough evidence. On December 8, 1959, a jury found Truscott guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to death. The trial only lasted 15 days. Truscott was the youngest Canadian ever to be sentenced to death. Due to the building controversy of his harsh sentencing, the conservative Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker, commuted Truscott’s sentence to life in prison. After Truscott’s sentencing, there were a lot of citizens that spoke out about the incident. An extremely powerful poem was written by Pierre Berton. It questions the decision for capital punishment of a minor child and why there is a need for it in general. It is on the following page. ? In Goderich town The Sun abates December is coming And everyone waits: In a small, dark room On a small, hard bed Lies a small, pale boy Who is not quite dead. The cell is lonely The cell is cold October is young But the boy is old; Too old to cringe And too old to cry Though young But never too young to die. Its true enough That we cannot brag Of a national anthem Or a national flag And though our Vision Is still in doubt At last weve something to boast about: Weve a national law In the name of the Queen To hang a child Who is just fourteen. The law is clear: It says we must And in this country The law is just Sing heigh! Sing ho! For justice blind Makes no distinction Of any kind; Makes no allowances for sex or years, A judges feelings, a mothers tears; Makes no allowances for age or youth Just eye for eye and tooth for tooth Tooth for tooth and eye for eye: A child does murder A child must die. Dont fret dont worry No need to cry Well only pretend hes going to die; Were going to reprieve him Bye and bye. Were going to reprieve him (We always do), But it wouldnt be fair If we told him, too So well keep the secret As long as we can And hope that hell take it Like a man. And when weve told him Its just pretend And he wont be strung At a nooses end, Well send him away And, like as not Put him in prison And let him rot. The jury said mercy And we agree O, merciful jury: You and me. Oh death can come And death can go Some deaths are sudden And some are slow; In a small cold cell In October mild Death comes each day To a frightened child. So muffle the drums and beat them slow, Mute the strings and play them low, Sing a lament and sing it well, But not for the boy in the cold, dark cell, Not for the parents, trembling-lipped, Not for the judge who followed the script; Save your prayers for the righteous ghouls In that Higher Court who write the rules For judge and jury and hangman too: The Court composed of me and you. In Goderich town The trees turn red The limbs go bare As their leave are bled And the days tick by As the sky turns lead For the small, scared boy On the small, stark bed A fourteen-year-old Who is not quite dead. Could this have been something that caused the Canadian government to review the need for capital punishment? Probably not, but I am sure his voice was heard and that he still made an impact. I believe, in order to better understand the conviction and sentencing of Truscott, one must first have some understanding of the history of the Canadian juvenile justice system, as well as information on the use of capital punishment in Canada. The following information came from the Canada Department of Justice website. Throughout the 1800s, there really was no separate justice system in Canada for juvenile offenders. They were sentenced to prisons and served the same sentences as adults. Small changes were starting to take place at the end of the 19th Century. In some of the provinces, industrial, or remedial, schools were being developed. One of the first major proposals for a separate juvenile system was in 1890 by the Prisoner’s Aid Association of Canada. The following ideas were included in the proposal: The organization supported a program that included special courts for young offenders, limited use of detention for those under 14, qualified staff for reformatories and industrial schools and the use of indefinite sentences. Another attempt for reform came from Ontario in 1891. Although it only applied specifically to Ontario, it did have national impact and heightened awareness for the juvenile reform campaign. The Ontario Commission recommended the following: every city and large town should have one or more industrial school children under 14 should not be publicly arrested and detained children under 14, when it is necessary to hold them, should not be detained in a common jail but in a place entirely away from the police station all children under 14 should be tried in special courts convicted children under 14 should never be incarcerated in a common jail, and should be sent to a reformatory or refuge only as a last resort more use should be made of suspended sentences a probation system should be introduced earned remission for good conduct should be offered a parole system should be adopted, as well as apprenticeship programs and boarding out an association should be formed in every region of the province for the after-care of released juveniles changes in the law should give more power to provincial officials over such things as pardon, parole and the general supervision of delinquent children These kinds of policies would allow for earlier intervention and a chance to keep children away from adult offenders, where they could possibly be exposed to more criminal behavior. Although many acts were passed to keep children in separate prisons from adults, the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908 still allowed for children over the age of 14 that were accused of murder or treason to be transferred to ordinary courts. This act set the tone in the Canadian Justice system about the next 75 years. While I don’t believe that Truscott’s trial was the only reason the Department of Justice decided to re-evaluate this Act, I do believe that it had a major impact on their decision. Truscott’s conviction and sentence was decided in 1959. It was just one year later, in 1960, that the Department of Justice assembled a committee to study the details of the Act. The final report, issued in 1965, focused on the need for additional action, including equal application of the Act throughout all of Canada, and better training for judges and court officials in handling juvenile offenders. Quebec was the first province to take action after this report was issued. It took steps to be sure all juvenile offenders had access to lawyers. Many of the standards in the juvenile system were not put in to place until after Truscott was released from prison in 1969, but his case, combined with many other young offenders, paved the road, and caused the Canadian Justice department to examine the way these young people were being punished. The policies began to standardize in the 1980s by enforcing the right to counsel throughout the country, and also allowing the right to appeal a conviction. The minimum age for prosecution was raised to 12 years old. Other changes were made to standardize convictions and sentencing. Detention could not exceed two years, except when the crime would normally be punishable by a life sentence, in which case, the maximum was three years. In the late 1980s, there was an amendment made to increase the penalty for murder. The penalty for first-degree murder was raised to a maximum of 10 years, and second-degree to 7 years. Except for a few other suggestions for special treatment of offenders under the age of 12, these Canada-wide standards have continued to stay in place. Along with the many changes in the juvenile system, Canada has also seen changes in the Criminal Justice system regarding capital punishment. I believe that Truscott’s case may have also had a small influence on the abolition of the death penalty. There were no major changes with capital punishment from 1869 until 1961, just one year after Truscott’s death sentence was commuted. Legislation was passed in 1961 that reclassified murder into capital and non-capital offenses. This allowed for only capital murder to be punishable by death. In 1967 a bill was passed that placed a moratorium on the use of the death penalty, except in cases involving the murder of a police officer, and in 1976, capital punishment was abolished completely by Canadian Parliament. One of the main reasons was due to the possibility of wrongful convictions, including possibly Truscott’s. There was also an uncertainty as to the effectiveness of the death penalty. The death penalty was replaced with life imprisonment. With no eligibility for parole for 25 years in the case of first-degree murder, and 10-25 years for second degree murder. Even though it was almost 20 years after Truscott’s case, I feel that it still may have been one of the considering factors in lifting capital punishment in Canada. Steven Truscott was in prison for 7 years when a journalist, Isabel LeBourdais, published a book that questioned his conviction. Her book, â€Å"The Story of Steven Truscott,† prompted the Canadian supreme court to examine the case a second time. After â€Å"deliberating and reviewing the case, the justices voted 8-1 against giving the young man a new trial (City News).† The one justice that voted for a new trial pointed out many of the original holes that the case had in the first place, stating they should be re-examined, one of which was the time of death. In 1966, years after the trial, the coroner that initially placed time of death between 7:15 and 7:45, corrected himself and said that â€Å"All findings are compatible with death within 2 hours of Lynn’s last meal (CBC News).† This opened up the possibility that someone else could have been with Harper in the same timeframe as Truscott. Despite being denied a new trial, and his life sentence, T ruscott was still released from prison in 1969. He assumed a new identity, married, and had three children. Truscott insisted, as he does still to this day, that he did not commit the crime, and he remained haunted by the fact he was convicted of the crime even as he was given a chance for a new life. Truscott remained in hiding for nearly 20 years. I believe one of the main reasons he came out of hiding was because he was consumed with the need to prove himself innocent. In September 1997, Truscott agreed to DNA testing that would possibly exonerate him, but because of the time space, some of the crucial evidence had been destroyed. A few years later, March of 2000, Truscott breaks his silence once again. He decided to go on the CBC News and proclaim his innocence, vowing to do whatever it would take to clear his name. This is what began his crusade, which would last to the present day. Truscott was paired with the Association in Defence of the Wrongfully Convicted (AIDWYC), and in November 2001, they filed an application for a retrial to the Minister of Justice-the person that decides if a new trial should be ordered. The following January, the minister of Justice ruled that an outside agent also needed to review the request. Justice Fred Kaufman was the man appointed fo r that review. He had been appointed in the past to review wrongful murder conviction cases. It took a little over two years, but in April 2004, Kaufman presented a 700 page report that confirmed â€Å"sufficient new evidence had been found† and â€Å"that the Minister of Justice order the Ontario Court of Appeal to hear the case as if it were an appeal of the original conviction (CBC News).† One of his reasons falls back again to the evidence that probably convicted Truscott in the first place†¦Harper’s time of death. Kaufman stated â€Å"modern science has removed the time of death as a piece of circumstantial evidence favouring Truscott’s guilt (CBC News).† In October, the new Minister of Justice, Irwin Cotler, referred the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal for review. Cotler believed that a new trial was necessary. I have determined that there is a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice occurred in this case†¦we have a legal – and I believe moral – obligation to see if the new evidence would have affected the verdict. A few more years go went by before any more major progress was made in the case. In the meantime, Truscott had his 60th birthday, and was still trying to prove his innocence. In April 2006, two years after Kaufman ordered the appeal, Lynn Harper’s body was exhumed to attempt DNA testing. Because so much time had go by, there was no evidence in her remains salvageable for testing. Finally, in June of 2006, Truscott’s case is heard by the Ontario Court of Appeals. As of January 2007 (yes, that’s this year) the case was still being heard, with three possible outcomes dismiss appeal order a new trial acquittal The appeal ended on Wednesday February 14th, but the decision lies with the five member panel of judges that heard the case. There were arguments of missing and distorted evidence, the fact that most of the eyewitness testimonies were from young children, whose stories changed from their initial statements to the days of the initial trial (City News). One of Truscott’s lawyers, Hersch Wolch, reminded the panel â€Å"behind me sits a 60-year old man who for 80 percent of his life has been branded as a murderer, He can be viewed also as an innocent 14-year old boy sentenced to hang. This court is the only venue for justice now and forever (City News).† This may have been a desperate pull of the heartstrings, but I think he was doing it to stress the fact that this wrong conviction (possibly) has consumed the majority of Truscott’s life, but that it has also affected the lives of Lynn Harper’s family, and the Ontarian public as a whole. As of April, I ha ve not found any word as to the final outcome of Truscott’s crusade to prove his innocence. The end of the article by The City News states â€Å"It could take anywhere from several weeks to several months for the judges to render their decision. I believe this case truly has been an impact in Canadian society. People have been focused on the story of Steven Truscott and Lynn Harper since that day in June of 1959. I believe his case helped spawn the review for a development of a criminal system for Canadian youth. It also may have been one of the factors that lead to the deletion of capital punishment in the Canadian Code. I am going to make a bold statement and say based on the evidence that was originally presented, even with the original time of death proven to be so close to when Truscott said to have left Harper, I would not have been able to make the decision to convict a child of that crime, or sentence him to death. I believe him to be not guilty of the crime he was convicted of, and has spent his entire life trying to prove so. He is still young (as in he probably is not going to die soon), but I still hope that Steven Truscott gets his results back while he still able to enjoy some of his life as an innocent m an. References CBC News: The Fifth Estate. â€Å"The Steven Truscott Story: Moment of Truth.† cbc.ca/fifth/truscott/index.html. City News. â€Å"Steven Truscott Appeal Wraps Up With Lawyers Pleading Convicted Man’s Innocence.† citynews.ca/news/news_7848.aspx. February 14, 2007. Department of Justice Canada. â€Å"The Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System in Canada.† justice.gc.ca/en/ps/inter/juv_jus_min/sec01a.html. McClish, Mark. â€Å"Statement Analysis: Steven Truscott.† statementanalysis.com/truscott. Research Papers on The Trial of Steven TruscottCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on Children

Asteroid Collision essays

Asteroid Collision essays Throughout the long history of the Earth, the planet has been struck a number of times by rogue asteroids. I will briefly discuss the effect that such an event could have on the Earths climate, atmosphere and temperature. A number of problems could arise from such an event, many of which could extend far beyond the immediate strike. The Earths biosphere could also be significantly impacted by the long-term effects of a meteorite strike. Finally, we will briefly look at the likelihood of future impact, plus some past near misses. The effects that an asteroid striking the Earth would have are many and varied and mostly depend on the size of the object impacting the ground. The smallest classification of asteroids, ranging in sizes between 10 to 100 meters in diameter would have little long term affect outside the strike zone. A meteorite of this size could cause damage equal to that of a nuclear explosion and cause massive damage and loss of life if it struck a major population center. An object between 100 meters and 1 kilometer is a greater danger. Even at the smaller end of the scale a strike on land could create a crater 3 kilometers wide as well as eject debris 10 kilometers away. Get close to an object of 1 kilometer wide and the zone of destruction could conceivably cover a small country as well as cause minor damage on a global scale. A strike in the ocean would create large tidal waves which would devastate coastal areas many miles inland. If the same meteorite struck land, the vast amounts o f dust thrown into the atmosphere could cool down temperatures on Earth and kill up to tens of millions of people. Finally, the largest scale of asteroids range from 1 to 10 kilometers. The impact from an object of this size could create a crate up to 15 times the diameter of the object itself and cause massive damage even to continental landmasses. Ocean impacts would cause tidal waves never seen before that coul...

Smart Budgeting for College Students

Smart Budgeting for College Students College: the time when we stretch our wings, learn to fly†¦and do some serious partying! All levity aside, college is an important time in any person’s life. It’s where we set the stage for the rest of our life and form habits that will serve us well (or ill) in the years to come. Many will tell you that study habits are an important skill to cultivate. They might be. Some say your interpersonal skills will take you places. Uh-uh. Kindness, love, positive outlook? Maybe. Of course you shouldnt be completely lacking in all these areas. But these things can be learned fairly easily at any time during your life. And hopefully, you’ve already been practicing these skills for the majority of your years. The Importance of a Budgeting Skill The most important habit to strengthen during your college years is BUDGETING. Though you may not feel that money is something you should be focused on – and you’re right, it’s not, you should be able to exercise at least a modicum of control over your cash on hand. That’s the important point: Control. Living within your means, saving for the future (not talking retirement – think car or trip), and not getting caught in the slippery slope of debt (credit card interest rates rank among the most insidious and evil forces in the universe†¦right behind sugar). Self-Control is the Hardest Part At its heart, budgeting isn’t a difficult thing. The really tricky part is self-control. Budgeting provides something we all want – money for the things we need when we need them – but does require that we sometimes go without the things we want. The nice thing is, if we do it right, we can eventually have both: the things we need AND the things we want. It just takes time. That’s where the self-control comes in. We have to be able to wait and save for the wants while focusing squarely on the needs. And college is a perfect time to hone the budgeting skills because many of us still have a backup (our parents) to whom we can turn. How To Do It 1) Separate needs from wants. This is definitely the hardest part of the whole process. Wants can suddenly become needs when the weekend looms large and you need to unwind. But partying is by no means more important than eating or having a place to sleep or being able to get to class. Needs are, for the most part, things that keep you alive and functioning in your environment. Food, shelter, utilities, transportation money, so you can get to class. Wants are everything else. You could still make it through college alive and with a decent GPA without that case of beer†¦it would be less fun but you could do it. 2) Money goes to the needs first. Whatever money you have coming in (thorough work or an allowance) you should use to pay for the needs first. Unless you’re really poor, you’ll have a bit of money left over after the needs are taken care of. This leftover money can be used or saved for wants. That’s pretty much budgeting in a nutshell. The practice though, can take many forms and can be as complicated or as simple as you like. It can involve multiple bank accounts and lots of back-and-forth transfers or just a number of envelopes and a pile of cash. Cash is not recommended to college students – the envelope system is great, – but it’s just too easy to cheat (plus, there’s the whole security thing). The best method is somewhere in between complicated and simple while still making use of the basic concepts of the envelope system. Budgeting Categories Basically, all money that comes in is deposited in a checking account. You can then use a budgeting app or financial tracking software (choose your favorite) to earmark (set aside within the checking account) money for the needs and wants for which you are saving. Again, that’s pretty much it. Some categories in budget may include: food (meals), rent, utilities, gas money, weekend money (this includes parties), travel (probably not other countries but maybe just taking road trips every once in a while) and snacks (some coffee and a muffin now and again). If you spend all the money in one of the â€Å"want† categories (i.e., weekend money or snacks), you resist the urge to take from one of the other categories (even if it’s a â€Å"want† category) so that you train yourself to spend within your means. Make It More Simple If it’s easier to think in terms of weekly expenses, divide your monthly expenses by four and save accordingly. Most bills are paid monthly so if you know that you need $100 a month for food, earmark $25 each week to that category. When the end of the month comes, write a check for the monthly amount and start saving again. It is really just that simple. It may take a few minutes each week – and some serious self-control the rest of the time – to get everything earmarked but it’s time well spent in the long run. The college experience never comes around again but your money habits are with you for the rest of your life (like luggage). Take the time to build a good financial routine and your college years will be productive regardless of how much time you spend partying.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human resource management - Essay Example Indeed, the situation has been like a crisis that has called for the implementation of a coercive leadership style. It was initially hoped that this hard line approach would yield the results that will get their employees back in line in order for them to be able to get thru the crisis. They are hoping that this style which has been said to be best suited to get the company out of situations like this will be the answer (Goleman, 2002). The following are the identification of the areas needed for improvement and the suggestions on how to go about the change for the betterment of the organization of HMS. Task 1: A re-calibration of leadership style Unfortunately, the coercive leadership style did not work. Indeed, this style is usually the one that is called upon during crisis situations and the company had hoped that this will be the answer for their problems. The increased control that the leaders have in this form usually helps in getting the job done. Through the coercive leadersh ip style, it is easy to give direction and even to demand the workers to conform to the standards of performance in order to get to their objective. However, prolonging the use of this style can have adverse effects on the employees (Goleman, 2002). Hence, it would be important for the company to change their leadership style since this has already come to the point wherein the employees are not anymore motivated by the spurs being driven into them but are in fact demoralized with the autocratic atmosphere that has been brought about by the coercive leadership style. It would then be beneficial to address the problem by having discussions with the employees in order to come to an understanding on how to go about the firm’s operations. Task 2: Adjusting strategic positions For many years now, there have been two important developments in the way human resources are managed. One is the strategic human resource management and the other is international human resource management. Indeed, there have been calls for human resources management to become more strategic in order to provide the necessary support to the attainment of a company’s goals and objectives. Also, the increasing impact of globalization coupled with unprecedented advancements in communications capability through technological innovations has brought forward the need for human resources management to take on a more international point of view (Schuler and Jackson, 2005). As mentioned, the utilization of coercive leadership has failed to yield the desired results of HMS. It is therefore suggested that this approach be changed into something that will be able to take into consideration the employees and not merely center on the perceptions of the top management on how to move the company forward and out of the crisis. As such, there is the pressing need to innovate the way the employees are handled in order to increase their participation and also their morale so that there will be a re duction in the problems emanating from a mismanaged human resources. Indeed, like all the other resources, the employees must be managed carefully but unlike supplies and machineries, these people have emotions and when push comes to shove will have the tendency to push back. Clearly, there ought to be a strategic approach to handling these resources especially since these employees are critical enablers for the strategy to

An account of an argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An account of an argument - Essay Example The fire engine from the New York fire department with its ladders could not go beyond the sixth floor and the safety nets that had been put in place could not sustain the weight of the people jumping in to them. A question that remains unanswered is where are the children who were working in the factory since official reports of the dead workers did not include children in it. The report was modified to include some few teenagers who died in order to meet the requirements of labour law in those days. Another recent tragedy happened in 1993 in Thailand when the factory of the Kader Industrial Toy Company was burnt. Among the 188 victims of the fire, most of them were described as teenage girls, however the actual figure may never be known, as a large number of workers in such factories are children. In another fire incident in November 25, 2000, at the Chowdhury Knitwear and Garment factory near Dhaka, Bangladesh, which killed 52 people, 10 of them were reported to be girls aged betw een 10 and 14 years. A more recent case is in the KTS Composite Textile factory fire in Chittagong, Bangladesh where the official reports record the death toll at around 50 but other sources claim the number of deaths was more than 80 (Weber, n.d). One of the argument strategies that the author has used is the inductive style, which is a form of logical argument that uses examples to illustrate the main point. This form of argument uses examples from the beginning to the end and the main question that the readers ask themselves is whether there are enough examples and whether those examples are relevant to the issue being addressed. In the ‘factories of lost children,’ the author has used several examples of fire tragedies where the casualties, who are mainly underage children, have not been reported due to labor laws regarding child labor. The main examples that the author has used include the fire tragedy in Asch building, which is in Washington square in

Math Quiz Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Math Quiz - Speech or Presentation Example HINT: Please find points on each of y = f( x ) and y = g( x ) and compare the points on y = f( x ) and y = g( x ). 15. Please feel free to use the graph of the equation or test algebraically to determine whether the following equation is an odd function, an even function, a function that is neither odd nor even, or a function that is both odd and even. 19. The weight M of an object on the moon varies directly as its weight E on earth. A person weighs 169.76 lbs on earth weighs 28.86 lbs on the moon. How much would a 241.76-lb person weigh on the moon? 20. The stopping distance d of a car after the brakes have been applied varies directly as the square of the speed r. If a car traveling 60 mph can stop in 200 ft, how fast can a car travel and will stop in 72 ft? d ÃŽ ± r2 or d= kr2 for a speed of 60 mph , the distance is 200ft. therefore, 200= k (60)2 k= 200/3600 = 0.0556 ; Hence d= 0.0556r2 . For a car to stop at 72 ft; 72= 0.0556r2 ; r2= 72/0.0556 = 1294.96 hence r = 35.9856 mph or approximately 36

The New Volkswagen Beetle Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Volkswagen Beetle - Research Proposal Example It needs to work on the targets it aims for, the position estimate, the price of its product and where will you sell it in order to keep stay on the highest profit. This will require feasibility studies to generate the required standard of meeting its goals. It is a chance to meet the growth of the society as well as generate new platforms that will position it in a place that will greatly provide more chances of growth and determination for the sake of getting the right position at all times. We will talk about all of these in deeper space through this research. The Volkswagen Beetle had to change its targets and had to replace them from Primary target to secondary target. It used to target the baby boomers generation as the Primary target. In this time, the new beetle is targeting two different generations. They are the millennials and the baby boomers. It is a cool car for young millennials because it has a good technology such as the GPS, and has a modern design. Millennials are the primary target for the Volkswagen Beetle. Women buyers were the most for a length of time than men. The secondary target is baby boomers. The Volkswagen Beetle uses the classical marketing to attract the baby boomers and the old generation of the millennials that have a good salary, and only feel tired of work and family life. It also includes who miss their children and who believe that old days were more fun. In this case, the strategy for beetle marketing department is to be the practical vehicle that supports every time you are going to meet friends by pla ying music and searching in the GBS. On the other hand, Volkswagen Beetle marketer uses the modelling marketing for young millennials by including technology such as apps with iPhones and improving the car style to follow the new modern. Volkswagen Beetle uses two different campaigns for the Primary and the secondary. The Volkswagen Beetle is German Company interred in the American market in 1949. In 1968, it was selling half million cars in the only USA. Nowadays, it sells cars throughout the world such as Ireland, Japan, UK and recently China.

Gilberto Vargas is an affluent Brazilian citizen who has lived in Rio Essay

Gilberto Vargas is an affluent Brazilian citizen who has lived in Rio since 1965. He is the controlling shareholder of a multina - Essay Example The test of connection that decides whether the person comes under the jurisdiction of UK taxation is primarily the test of residence (Baistrocchi, 2013, p. 2).The network that exists amongst the scores of double tax treaties (DTTs) forms an important part of the international law. The existing DTTs are all bilateral and based on two existing models; the OECD model and the UN Model. All the DTTs have stark similarities in terms of the topics covered, the order in which the topics are presented and the language in which the articles are described. This makes the DTT network such an important element in the tax regime, that the general rules have become a feature of the international law and might become binding in situations of governing taxation of income in cases of cross border transaction. This paper deals with the case of a Mr. Vargas who is a businessman and considers moving base to London for seven years. The OECD Model of DTT The DTT that follows the OECD Model is particularly applicable for the developed countries. It â€Å"reduces tax on royalties to zero but has a positive rate on interest and dividends† (Avi-Yonah, 2007, p. 3). There is harmful tax competition in which two issues are identifiable. Firstly, tax havens have been identified â€Å"as jurisdictions with no or nominal income taxes and also one or more of lack of effective exchange of information, lack of transparency, and lack of substantial activities by tax payers†. Secondly, preferential tax regimes have been identified as regimes that offer â€Å"no or low effective tax rate and one or more of ring fencing, lack of transparency, and lack of effective exchange of information† (Baistrocchi, n.d.). The prevalence of tax havens and preferential regimes has been condemned by the OECD which has stated it to be a harmful tax competition. The basis of taxation applicable for Mr. Gilberto Vargas: Arising basis or Remittance basis In the given case study, there is OECD Model based tax treaties between the relevant countries. Gilberto Vargas is the controlling shareholder of a multinational enterprise which is based in Brazil and holds investments in the real property market in Brazil, China and India. He is a citizen of Brazil and is considering a migration to the United Kingdom, along with family, for seven years. He is then a foreign national to the UK and his income is liable to taxation for only that amount that arises to him in the UK. The status of becoming a â€Å"resident in the UK† (Judgement, 2010, p.6) creates the platform for UK tax under the provisions of â€Å"Income Tax (Earning and Pensions) Act 2003† (Judgement, 2010, p.6). He is to be considered as a resident of the United Kingdom under the 183-day rule which states that if any person stays in the UK for one hundred and eighty three days, which is approximately half of a tax year (starting form 6th April of any year and continuing till 5th April of the next year) he is c onsidered a â€Å"resident in the United Kingdom† (BN1-British Citizenship, n.d., p. 5) for tax purposes occurring in that tax year. For the citizens of UK, unless a person spends the entire tax year outside the UK with no return visits to the UK, he would be treated as a resident of UK â€Å"for the tax years in which† (You are a UK resident taking a holiday or working holiday abroad, 2010) a citizen of the UK spends any time in the United Kingdom. But when the person is a non-UK domiciled, ie, his

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS AND NURSING Essay

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS AND NURSING STAFF PERFORMANCE - Essay Example It is essential for nurse managers to assess the performance of clinical nurses, and to manage them effectively and efficiently as a human resource. There are several techniques of performance assessment in organizations, and in health care contexts such as in nursing (Roussel & Swansburg 2006), including the use of a consistent numerical assessment system by managers or qualitative appraisal approaches (Murphey, 2004). For over three decades, organizations have considered performance appraisal systems as key organizational processes for the management and development of personnel (Giangreco, Carugati, Pilati et al 2010; Levy & Williams 2004; Ferris, Timothy, Basok et al 2008). The aim of performance appraisal systems is to regularly offer a comparison between the level of performance expected by any one organization and the performance achieved by an individual or group of individuals. These comparisons are based on objective and subjective factors (Coates 2004). The basis for perfo rmance evaluation is that measuring performance helps to improve performance by providing concise feedback on how the individual or department is doing in the workplace. The popularity of the use of appraisal systems is however surrounded by a forceful debate on their productivity and the related costs and benefits. ‘It is widely believed that performance appraisals

Write a 2-page analysis of a possibe psychological analysis of the Essay

Write a 2-page analysis of a possibe psychological analysis of the Boston Marathon bomber recently charged with multiple counts of murder - Essay Example Testimony by a social worker indicated that the two boys before the police shot the older brother had been attending meetings and relying on a supportive network of friends that were immigrants to do away with the loneliness that they felt for lack of a family themselves. The fact that they were doing so while they had each other is indication enough that the boy is not a criminal mastermind but was clearly undergoing psychological problems at the time. The criminal mind would have been instigate by his brother who was into criminal activities and hence may have influenced him into engaging in the activities as a way to act out his anger and frustration at all the happy people while deep down he suffered from being alone and the loss of a dear brother whom had been looking up for him and at him since the parents left without a backwards glance towards their children or even reaching out to them (Cullen 98). The combination of the loss and grief from the death of the brother who was his guardian and best friend, the frustration by the parents divorcing and leaving to go to another country without their children, the loneliness and the fact that no one seemed to care about him or his situation not even the government drove him towards the edge of the behavior. The only way the brother had taught him to release his anger and frustration was by engaging in crime and this is what he did when he bombed the Boston Marathon. The fact that the bombing was carried out by pressure cooker that was released is a clear indication that the boy was not a terrorist as he lacked the sophisticated bombings or even a clearly made and elaborate escape plan. He was simply just acting out of the moment. I am sure that he had not even thought about committing the heinous act before and it was purely a spur of the moment probably triggered by the happy faces of people all around without a care in the world about

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS AND NURSING Essay

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS AND NURSING STAFF PERFORMANCE - Essay Example It is essential for nurse managers to assess the performance of clinical nurses, and to manage them effectively and efficiently as a human resource. There are several techniques of performance assessment in organizations, and in health care contexts such as in nursing (Roussel & Swansburg 2006), including the use of a consistent numerical assessment system by managers or qualitative appraisal approaches (Murphey, 2004). For over three decades, organizations have considered performance appraisal systems as key organizational processes for the management and development of personnel (Giangreco, Carugati, Pilati et al 2010; Levy & Williams 2004; Ferris, Timothy, Basok et al 2008). The aim of performance appraisal systems is to regularly offer a comparison between the level of performance expected by any one organization and the performance achieved by an individual or group of individuals. These comparisons are based on objective and subjective factors (Coates 2004). The basis for perfo rmance evaluation is that measuring performance helps to improve performance by providing concise feedback on how the individual or department is doing in the workplace. The popularity of the use of appraisal systems is however surrounded by a forceful debate on their productivity and the related costs and benefits. ‘It is widely believed that performance appraisals

The Adventure of the Sperm and Egg Essay Example for Free

The Adventure of the Sperm and Egg Essay Let me introduce myself, I am Penny the Egg and today I will embark on one of the most exciting times in my life span. This has been a long expedition and now that I have reached the infundibulum, this is the outer portion of a female fallopian tube. The name I was in the medical word is â€Å"Ova†, most people just call me egg but my name again is Penny. I have been in contact with a germ cell named Seymour. His medical name is sperm and he lives inside the male human body. Seymour and I have been dreaming about this adventure for our whole lives. I am hope everything goes as planned and Seymour and I get to meet. After we meet, we will become one to create another male or female embryo which will grow into a human baby. As the â€Å"Great Change† occurs, medically that would be puberty for a female; I was one of 2 million ova that once lived inside the female. After the great change there are around 400,000 of my sisters and I left. We all live inside the follicle; these are thin capsules inside the ovaries. Out of the 400,000 of us that survived the great change, only 400 or so of us will reach fulfillment and become a ripened ova (Nevid, Rathus Fichner-Rathus, 2011). When I have ripened to fulfillment I will leave the safety of the ovary where I spent my childhood, I have made my way to where I am now, the fallopian tube. This is where I will wait for Seymour to arrive. It takes me some time to travel down the fallopian tube, and during this time is when my female host will ovulate, and then two weeks later my host will menstruate unless Seymour and I create life. The length of my travel is around 4 inches, but I must travel different parts of the tube in order to be totally ready to meet Seymour. As I travel the fallopian tube, I will come a crossed various small groups who call themselves Cilia. The Cilia groups have miniature hair-like projections that help me along my travels’. I could not make it an inch a day without the help of the Cilia. I dream about Seymour and our meeting day and worry that my female host will not allow me to be discharged with her menstruation. I have now been in the fallopian tube for just over a day now and I pray that Seymour is skillful enough to make it in enough time to help me create life. If Seymour does not arrive within two day of my leaving the ovary, I will not be here to meet him and no life will be created (Nevid, Rathus Fichner-Rathus, 2011). I am the type of egg to worry all the time, I wonder if Seymour’s trip is going according to plan? I just hope Seymour is strong and fast enough to out swim his brother’s taking this adventure also. Hello everyone my name is Seymour the sperm, I ‘m sure by now you know Penny and I am sure she told you I have millions of brothers’. Honestly, I cannot wait to take that adventure because it is too crowded and very uncomfortable for me in here. I just hope I am strong enough and can survive the adventure, why worry? You ask, because many of us do not survive and it can be a very fatal because it is a false adventure, but I know that to keep life going I must swim as fast and hard as I can to meet my Penny. My Life began in a place in the male host body called the testicles. This is where I went through a 72 days process of spermatogenesis. In order for me to meet Penny inside her female host, I had to endure this process. I have been told that Penny only holds the X chromosome (female), and I contain a Y chromosome (male) and the X chromosome. Once Penny and I meet our sex chromosome will connect and I have one of the most important jobs at this point I will decide if Penny and I will create the life of a male or female, because I alone can make I male with the Y chromosome (Nevid, Rathus Fichner-Rathus, 2011). After my preparation for my adventure, I make my way to the epididymis while in this transition, I continue to mature. It will take a few more weeks for me to be able to move to the Vans Deferens tube of my male host. I will continue my adventure to meet my Penny by making my way into the seminal vesicle; this is where I get all my nourishment from seminal fluid rich in fructose. The nutrition I receive from the fructose in the seminal fluids is what will make me strong enough to out swim my brothers’ to meet Penny. I have discovered I look a lot like a tadpole. I have a tail that whips back and forth to move me forward. Before I matured to this â€Å"tadpole† stage my movements were conducted by the contractions in the epididymis, Vans, Deferens, and just like Penny, I also had help from groups of cilia (Nevid, Rathus Fichner-Rathus, 2011). As the prostate and Cowper’s are making secretions, I continue my adventure. The secretions the other organs are making are what my brothers’ and I will mix with in the ejaculation proses. Yes, I made it to the point I am ready to be ejected from the male’s penis darning sexual intercourse. Once this happens I can begin a whole other adventure to meet Penny in the fallopian tube of her female host. My male host has ejected me and my brothers from his body to Penny’s female host. I must move faster than I have ever moved before. Millions of my brother s are trying to get to my Penny also and will race through the cervical canal, onto the uterus, we will continue to battle to be the first one to successfully reach an ovum (Penny) waiting just outside the opening to the fallopian tube. I did it! I was the first one to reach the ovum and penetrate Penny’s hard outer lining. Even thou many of my brothers’ might find her, once I am inside the lining Penny will go through a chemical change that will insure we become an embryo. We will travel together down the rest of the fallopian tube so we can implant ourselves into the uterus until birth as a human .

Right to Adequate Standard of Living

Right to Adequate Standard of Living RIGHT TO ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING INTRODUCTION ‘’ A RIGHT IS NOT WHAT SOMEONE GIVES YOU; IT’S WHAT NO ONE CAN TAKE FROM YOU ’’ Ramsey Clark Human rights exist to all human beings. Those rights are which is fundamental for living and other human existences. Such as, right to live, speech, work, movement, freedom etc. Whatever their nationality, colour, sex, religion, language or any other status they are all entitled to human rights. Human rights play a great role in everyone’s life but not everyone realizes it. Those should not be taken away. They are inalienable. But in some specific cases it can be restricted. For example if a person is caught by a court for a crime, the liberty right may be restricted. Engineers have meaningful ways to development. But many of us would wonder what engineers can do with human rights. Indeed engineering has everything to do with human rights. As engineers it would be more important to ensure human rights of ours and people who works with us. Those lead to continue designing and implementing projects protecting standard of all living beings. In the 21 century, it seems that there will be increasing engineering opportunities in the human rights field. So in this assignment we are suppose to understand about human rights and discuss about one human right recognized by the international convection on economics, social and cultural rights. According to International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 12: 1. The states parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; b) The improvement of all aspects of environment and industrial hygiene; c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. Everyone has the right to a living standard sufficient for the health and well being. Water is one of the measurements of measuring living standard. However without access to water other rights could not be exercised such as article 12. So everyone has the right to use clean and accessible water. And have to making sure that do not get sick from drinking it and from using it. ‘’ACCESS TO SAFE WATER IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEED AND THEREFORE A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT’’ Kofi Annan http://banksandhumanrights.ch/cs-rights?ci=10 For everyone the water supply must be sufficient for personal uses. Some uses are drinking, washing, domestic purposes, cooking, and personal hygiene. According to the data of the WHO (World Health Organization), a one person need between 50 and 100 liters of water per day. But due to population growth people can’t access safe drink water. Lack access to drinking water nearly one billion people Lack access to sanitation -nearly 2.6 billion people Die from sanitation related diseases per year -nearly 1.6 million people †¦From WHO data A boy collecting water from a drinking water pipe following a break in the pipe at Bangalore. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/activists-rap-bwssbs-leakage-reduction-project/article1063685.ece Because of using unsafe drinking water there are many health problems have arising in Sri Lanka.Out of the 25 districts, more than 15 districts are affected by this problem. Waters in towns are polluted with domestic sewage and industrial effluents and toxic, and waters in rural areas are polluted with agricultural waste and fertilizers. This planet is suitable for living from other planets due to the availability of water. The amount of drinking water in the world is very few. It is less than one percent. The government should provide safe drinking water to people. But Rathupaswala, Weliweriya water issue is yet to be solved. People in Rathupaswala faced a huge problem about their drinking water. Their drinking water was unhygienic due to an industrial waste of a glove factory in Nedungamuwa.According to observations; it was disclosed the PH content in the water was below 3.5 percent. Many residents get their drinking water from plastic tanks. But it was not satisfied..So they had to go to the nearest places looking for water. It has become an added burden to them. People had organized a protest at Weliweriya to regain their rights. But what they received was a rain of bullets instead of water. Three people were killed and over 40 were injured. The military has no right to intervene in civil protest. It is not good of involvement of military in civil affairs. We cannot accept it. So this Rathupaswala water problem becomes a human rights violation. This incident shocked the entire country.Eventhough the government has ordered to remove the glove factory, the problem still exist. Still people in Rathupaswala get their drinking water from black plastic tanks which they were provided. Also there are many serious health problems because of using unsafe drinking water in Sri Lanka.People face difficulties to access drinking water in dry zone. Pipe-borne water coverage in Sri Lanka – around 34% †¦.From 2008 national census So the rest of the people depending on wells, hand pump tube wells, rain water harvesting tanks,canels,streams etc.Much of agriculture is located in the country hill and then toxic chemicals which are added to agriculture enter the country water system and are delivered to around the country. For example via the Mahaweli,Kelani,Kalu,Walawe.Then people who use this water as drinking water are caused health problems.Beacuse of this water pollution number of persons suffering from renal problems has increased. These diseases were leading death in Vavuniya, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Trincomalee, and Badulla. What can chemical engineers do about the unsafe water problem? 1) This unsafe water and related health problems needs to be solved urgently. The first thing that needs to be done is stop polluting the water. The factories which are caused water pollution should be established with an environment conservation license and make sure they are reducing the use of toxic chemicals enter the water system. 2) Another step is treating sewage. Actually Sewage can be treated and reuse after chemical treatment. 3) In many situations treatment of water is necessary to make it suitable for drinking. The main health risk is, water is contamination with waste water. This introduces bacterias, viruses and it can be caused for waterborne diseases. So all pathogenic organisms must be removed. The following table shows the removal of some water contaminants by various treatment processes.      Treatment processes Sedimentation Coagulation Flocculation, sedimentation and filtration Slow sand filtration Multistage filtration Chemical oxidation: disinfection Water contaminants Bacteria 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Viruses 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Giarda cysts 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++ Cryptosporidium oocystis 0 0 +++ +++ +++ + Turbidity 0 + ++++ ++++ ++++ 0 Suspended solids 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 0 Taste and odour ++ 0 +++ +++ +++ + IronandManganese ++ + +++ +++ +++ ++ Fluoride 0 0 + 0 0 0 Arsenic 0 0 ++ + + 0 Heavy metals ++ 0 ++ ++ ++ + Dissolved Oxygen + 0 0 0 Carbon dioxide 0 0 + + 0 Colour and organics 0 0 ++ ++ ++ + 0: no effect +: positive effect : negative effect Table taken from:http://www.lenntech.com/small-community-water-supplies.htm#ixzz2rJmibVU0 . Desalination water will become an important water source in Sri Lanaka.It can help with water problems is to build plants to desalinate sea water. There are many ways to remove salt from sea water. Desalination technology will be considered in situations where sufficient water cannot be found. In some cases desalinate water may be cheaper. Desalination technology can be divided into two groups. They are desalting technology and membrane desalting. However these two types of methods can be used to get fresh water from sea water in Sri Lanka. Water fluoridation So as a chemical engineer, by using these methods we can solve this water problem. The world will be a better place when the human rights are approved by all people. References http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx http://www.unric.org/en/water/27360-making-water-a-human-right http://www.sundaytimes.lk/131020/news/rathupaswala-water-crisis-and-new-moves-to-dam-it-66321.html http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/carr/programs/human-rights-to-water-sanitation http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12926703 http://www.lenntech.com/small-community-water-supplies.htm

Monster Mergers :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Monster Mergers About three decades ago, school boards in the state of Pennsylvania decided that bigger was better. These short-sighted members looked at school districts merging throughout the country and deduced they should join the parade. How could they be so naive not to see the damage and havoc that would be left in the wake of these giant jointures. Wyoming Valley West, Nanticoke Area, Hanover Area, Coughlin, and even the parochial Bishop Hoban, are responsible for killing a magnificent community spirit as well as extinguishing all chances of fervent rivalries. The consolidation of small town schools has deprived once proud individuals of a sense of community, tradition and memories. School boards have to be more sensitive to the needs of their constituents. A change in the board members or the school board system itself is necessary. Careful planning, unlike the school boards' decisions, is essential in changing an archaic system. A Task Force of School Governance commissioned by the Twentieth Century Firms, concluded, "The hallmark of American education for over 150 years has been the local school board, and nothing would be gained by shifting to a totally new system," (25). A revamping of decision making is needed to prevent the disasters of the 60's and 70's. Kirst states, "Rethinking and revamping the role of the school board are necessary in this altered policy context," (38). The school board points an accusing finger at the state government. Dwight W. Allen supports the stand by contending that the state makes the major decisions such as how many days of school in a year and who could attend regardless of how the towns feel about the issue (44). Our loca l school boards should care how we feel. They should be our champions. Instead, they buckle to state and federal educational fads. School boards actions affect not just the students, but each and every member of the community. "Since 80 percent of the taxpayers in some suburban areas and more than 50 percent of the taxpayers in most communities do not have children in school, it is essential to keep the community informed and involved in the schools" (Becthol 327). This type of communication should have been in place before school boards smashed small schools into an academic collage. School activities such as theatrical dramas, uplifting musicals, and nail bitting sporting events, once a staple for the community, are now absent.

Philippine War :: essays research papers

The Philippine War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t believe the Philippine War was justified. There are more ways than war to solve the annexation of the Philippines. I agree on some of the policies, but not all of the policies, that were in place during that time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe the war was not justified for a number of reasons. The ratio of dead to wounded was higher than it was in the civil war which is considered one of the saddest wars in this country’s history. In the civil war, the ratio was one wounded to five killed, where as in the Philippine War, the ratio was one wounded to twelve killed. America instead of trying to peacefully resolve the situation, decided that force was a more potent way to talk and guarantee control of the newly gained possession. I would use war as a last result, trying diplomacy first. It was good that the United States was freeing a country from an immoral government, but there are better ways to solve the controversy of what to do with the new annexation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were several policies in place at the time, some which were put into place before the war, some during the war, and some after. The ratification of the annexation process was long and difficult. There were debates as to how to treat the Filipino people. One suggestion was to treat the Filipinos as dependents, and not citizens, like the Native Americans came to be treated. Many of the imperialists believed that the Filipinos were savages and harsh policies would give America control. The anti-imperialists were not exactly sure whether to treat them as peers or to set them free. I would treat them as equals, as normal people, as they are like everyone else. At the time they might not have been as technologically advanced as we were, and their government may have seemed primitive to ours. I think we should have worked with them to help create a government, rather than occupy and just take over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another policy that occurred because of the war was the â€Å"open door† policy. America had much interest in Asia, and the Philippines provided a door to China. America viewed China as a weak country, and was afraid that other countries might attack China, take over, and exploit it. The annexation of the Philippines gave America the opportunity to â€Å"protect† china. So the Americans proposed an open door policy, where each country in the treaty were allowed a place of influence, where china had to respect the laws of the countries, but were allowed to collect tariffs.

Bollywood Film Essay

The development of technology has caused various changes in the different aspects of the society. One of the most observable modifications is in terms of the source of entertainment for most people. Nowadays, majority of the people are interested in watching movies. They tend to get the satisfaction out of looking at actors and actresses play various roles. Motion pictures also portray different themes that could be focused on romance, actions, horror, science fiction, and others. The clamor for movies also paved the way for the success and popularity of numerous thespians such as those in Bollywood. Bollywood usually make movies that feature the concept of Scopophilia, which literally means the â€Å"love of watching. † This term is also synonymous with voyeurism that pertains to the experience of sexual gratification by means of observing other people in secret. Most of the time, the object of such kind of desire is someone who is undressed or engaged in a sexual activity. The main idea in the concept of scopophilia is that the one who is looking or peeping does not interact with the person being observed. In the same manner that movie-viewing also adheres to such practice because the audience watches the activities of the people on the screen, who are unaware that they are being observed. Most of the time, filmmakers would use erotic scenes in order to satisfy the sense of scopophilia within a person. However, they could get around it by featuring a chaste woman in the plot of the story. In this sense, the filmmakers are actually creating a balance between a woman who easily engages in sexual activity and another female who represents the conservative value of being chaste. This is greatly observable in Shri 420, wherein it shows two women that were linked with the main character Raj, Vidya the virtuous woman and Maya the sultry temptress. The film shows erotic scenes especially those involving Maya. Nevertheless, they were able to get away with it because of the argument that these scenes are important in order to show the difference of Maya from Vidya. As such, erotic scenes were perceived to have an important purpose in the plot of the story to be able to distinguish the kinds of women that exist. This also symbolizes the difference of the good and the bad that is shown in the movie, wherein Raj was with Vidya when he was still living a morally upright life but later on tempted by Maya when he was already engaged in illegal activities. The discussions above show that scopophilia is actually the main idea behind the very nature of movie-watching. Filmmakers usually use erotic scenes in order to satisfy this kind of desire within a person. Nevertheless, erotic scenes also have an important part in the movie as it tends to distinguish the upright life from the unethical one by using women as examples.

Assessment Management Forensic Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Since the 1980s force per unit area is increasing on mental wellness professionals to better their ability toA predictA and better manage the degree of hazard associated with forensic mental wellness patients, and offendersA being dealtA with in the justness system ( Holloway, 2004 ) .A This increasedA pressureA has besides increased involvement within a wider scope of research workers and forensic clinicians, working in the justness system to better the truth, and dependability of their analysis of whether recidivism is a strong possibility.A The overallA valueA of rating of research is toA allowA theA improvementA in the appraisal, supervising, planning and direction of wrongdoers, in concurrence with a more dependable base line for follow up ratings ( Beech et al, 2003 ) . However, there continues to be an increasingA interestA andA expectationA on professionals from the populace and the condemnable justness system in respects to the potentialA dangerA posed byA seriousA offendersA being releasedA back into the community and the demand for the wrongdoers to be better managed, in orderA to adequately protectA the populace from unsafe persons ( Doyle et al, 2002 ) . As the appraisal of riskA is madeA at assorted phases in the direction procedure of the violent wrongdoer, it isA extremelyA important that mental wellness professionals have a structured and consistent attack to put on the line appraisal and rating of force. ( Doyle et Al, 2002 ) . This paper will compare and contrast three theoretical accounts of hazard appraisal thatA are usedA to cut down possible danger to others, when incorporating violent wrongdoers back into the community. These three attacks are unstructured clinical opinion, structured clinicalA judgementA and actuarialA appraisal. It is non intended, in this paper, to research the assorted instruments used in the appraisal procedure for theA respectiveA actuarial and structured clinical attacks. Unstructured Clinical Judgement Unstructured clinical opinion is a procedure affecting no specific guidelines, but relies on the single clinician'sA evaluationA holding respect to the clinicians experience and makings ( Douglas et al. , 2002 ) .A Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) , refers toA clinicalA opinion as â€Å" first coevals † ( p. 650 ) , and sees clinical opinion as leting the clinicianA completeA discretion in relation to what information the clinician will or will non take notice of in their concluding finding of hazard degree. The unstructured clinicalA interviewA has been widely criticised because itA is seenA as inconsistent and inherently lacks construction and aA uniformA approachA that does non let forA trial, retest dependability over clip and between clinician ‘s ( Lamont et al. , 2009 ) . ItA has been arguedA that this incompatibility inA assessmentA can take toA incorrectA appraisal of wrongdoers, as either high or low hazard due to the subjective sentiment inherent in the unstructured clinic al assessmentA approachA ( Prentky et al. , 2000 ) . Even with these restrictions discussed above the unstructured clinicalA interviewA is still likely to be the most widely usedA approachA in relation to the wrongdoer ‘s force hazard appraisal ( Kropp, 2008 ) . Kropp ( 2008 ) , postulates that the continued usage of the unstructured clinicalA interviewA allows for â€Å" idiographic analysis of the offendersA behavior † ( Kropp, 2008, p. 205 ) .A Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) posits, that clinical surveies have shown, that clinician ‘s utilizing the hazard analysisA methodA of unstructured interview, is non asA inaccurateA asA generallyA believed.A Possibly this is due, mostly to the degree of experience andA clinicalA makings of those carry oning the appraisal. The unstructured clinicalA assessmentA methodA relies to a great extent on verbal and non verbal cues and this has the potency of act uponing single clinician ‘s appraisal of hazard, and therefore in bend has a high chance of over trust in the appraisal on the exhibited cues ( Lamont et al. , 2009 ) .A A major defect with the unstructured clinical interview is the evident deficiency of structured standardised methodologyA being usedA toA enableA aA testA retest reliability A measureA antecedently mentioned.A However, the deficiency of consistence in the appraisal attack is aA substantialA disadvantage in the usage of the unstructured clinical interview.A The demand for a more structuredA processA leting forA predictableA trial retest dependability wouldA appearA to be aA necessaryA constituent of any hazard appraisal in relation to force. Actuarial Appraisal ActuarialA assessmentA was developedA toA assessA assorted hazard factors that would better on the chance of an wrongdoer ‘s recidivism. The actuarial attack relies to a great extent on standardised instruments to help the clinician in foretelling force, and the bulk of these instrumentsA have been developed, in an effort, A to foretell futureA probabilityA of force amongst wrongdoers who have a history of mental unwellness and or condemnable offending behaviors. ( Grant et Al, 2004 ) . However, Douglas et Al ( 2002 ) warns that usage of actuarial appraisal does non supply appraisal of any degree of forestalling the possibility of future force. The usage of actuarialA assessmentA has increased in recent old ages as more non cliniciansA are taskedA with the duty of direction of violent wrongdoers such as community corrections, correctional officers and probation officers. Actuarial hazard appraisal methods enable staff, that do non hold the experience, A backgroundA or necessaryA clinicalA makings toA conductA a standardized clinicalA assessmentA of wrongdoer hazard. This actuarial assessmentA methodA has been foundA to be extremelyA helpfulA when holding hazard measuring wrongdoers with mental wellness, substance maltreatment and violent wrongdoers. ( Byrne et al, 2006 ) . However, actuarial appraisals have restrictions in the inability of the instruments to supply any information in relation to the direction of the wrongdoer, and schemes to forestall force ( Lamont et al, 2009 ) .A Whilst such instruments may supply transferableA testA retest dependability, there is a demand for cautiousness when the instrumentsA are usedA within differing samples of theA testA populationA used as the validationA sampleA in developing theA testA ( Lamont et al, 2009 ) .A Inexperienced andA untrainedA staffA may non be cognizant that testsA are limitedA by a scope of variables that may restrict the dependability of the trial in usage. The bulk of actuarial toolsA were validatedA in North America ( Maden, 2003 ) . This hasA significantA deductions when actuarial instrumentsA are usedA in the Australian context, particularly when autochthonal cultural complexnesss are non taken into history. Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) postulates that the actuarialA approachA is focusedA on anticipation and that hazard appraisal in mental wellness has a much broaderA functionA † and has to beA linkA closely with direction and bar † ( p. 652 ) . Actuarial instruments rely on steps of inactive hazard factors e.g. history of force, gender, mental illness and recorded societal variables.A Therefore, inactive hazard factorsA are takenA as staying constant.A Hanson et Al ( 2000 ) argues that where the consequences of unstructuredA clinicalA opinionA areA openA to inquiries, the through empirical observation based hazard assessmentA methodA can significantly foretell the hazard of rhenium offending. To relyA totallyA onA staticA factors thatA are measuredA in Actuarial instruments, and non integrate dynamic hazard factors has led to what Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) has referred to as, â€Å" Third Generation † , or as more normally acknowledged as structured professional opinion. Structured Professional Judgement Progression toward a structured professionalA theoretical account, wouldA appearA to hold followed a procedure of development since the 1990s.A ThisA progressionA has developed throughA acceptanceA of the complexness of what hazard appraisal entails, and the force per unit areas of the tribunals andA publicA in developing an outlook of increased prognostic truth ( Borum, 1996 ) .A Harmonizing to Lamont et Al ( 2009 ) , structured professional opinion brings together â€Å" through empirical observation validated hazard factors, professional experience and modern-day cognition of the patient ( p27 ) .A Structured professional opinion attack requires aA broadA assessmentA standards covering both inactive and dynamic factors, and efforts to bridge the spread between the other attacks of unstructured clinical opinion, and actuarialA approachA ( Kropp, 2008 ) .A The incorporation of dynamic hazard factors that are takingA accountA of variable factors such as current emotionalA levelA ( choler, depression, emphasis ) , societal supports or deficiency of and willingness to take part in the intervention rehabilitation process.A The structured professional attack incorporatesA dynamicA factors, whichA have been found, to be besides important in analysingA riskA of force ( Mandeville-Nordon, 2006 ) .A Campbell et Al ( 2009 ) postulates that instruments thatA examineA d ynamic hazard factors are moreA sensitiveA toA recentA alterations that mayA influenceA an addition or lessening in hazard potency. Kropp ( 2008 ) , reports that research has found that Structured Professional Judgement measures alsoA correlateA substantiallyA with actuarial steps. Decision Kroop, ( 2008 ) postulates that either a structured professional opinion attack, or an actuarial attack presents the most feasible options for hazard appraisal of violence.A The unstructuredA clinicalA approachA has been widely criticised by research workers for missing dependability, cogency and answerability ( Douglas et al, 2002 ) . Kroop, ( 2008 ) besides cautions that hazard appraisal requires the assessor to hold an appropriate degree of specialised cognition and experience. This experience should be non merely of wrongdoers but besides with victims.A There wouldA appearA to be a valid statement that unless there is consistence inA trainingA of those carry oning hazard appraisals the cogency and dependability of any step, either actuarial or structured professional opinion, will neglect toA giveA theA levelA of predictability of force thatA is sought.A Risk analysis of force will ever be burdened by theA limitationA which â€Å" lies in the fact thatA exactA analyses are notA possible, andA riskA will ne'er be wholly eradicated † ( Lamont et al, 2009, p 31. ) . Doyle et Al ( 2002 ) postulates that a combination of structured clinical and actuarial approachesA is warrantedA to help in hazard appraisal of force. Further research appears to be warranted to better the rating andA overallA effectivity of hazard direction.